IODO PROMOVE A SAÚDE, O EMAGRECIMENTO, E OTIMIZA A FUNÇÃO DO SISTEMA IMUNE!
By Dr. Julio Caleiro, nutricionista.
O iodo é um dos minerais mais importantes e necessários para a função metabólica celular completa e saudável. Ele possui potente efeito antioxidante equivalente ao da vitamina C (Biofactors. 2003;19(3-4):121-30). Estima-se que 2 bilhões de pessoas são sofrem de deficiencia de iodo em todo o mundo. Ou seja, uma grande epidemia mundial! Uma dentre várias causas desta epidemia, está na diminuição do consumo de sal por recomendações, inclusive, médicas. Mas, diversos tecidos do corpo necessitam de iodo. Os seios, ovário, útero, tecido prostático, células de revestimento do estômago, tireóide requerem grandes quantidades de iodo. A tireoide utiliza por volta de 30% de iodo presente no corpo.
A função da tireóide está relacionada com a obesidade, défict cognitivo, doenças cardíacas, transtornos psiquiátricos. Logo, o seu mau funcionamento trará graves problemas para a saúde geral, já que muitas funções do corpo dependem da tireoide.
Evidências recentes sugerem, por exemplo, que a deficiência de iodo está relacionada com a obesidade, déficit cognitivo, distúrbios psiquiátricos, fibromialgia, e uma variedade de canceres ( Verheesen RH, Schweitzer CM. Iodine deficiency, more than cretinism and goiter. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Nov;71(5):645-8.).
Estudos relatam que o iodo pode ajudar a prevenir o câncer de mama e de doença fibrocística da mama. (Patrick L. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):116-27.)
Este mineral é essencial para a vida e, especialmente, crucial para o desenvolvimento do cérebro em crianças, fazendo com que a deficiência de iodo seja a principal causa de retardo mental evitável em todo o mundo! (Bretthauer EW, Mullen AL, Moghissi AA. Milk transfer comparisons of different chemical forms of radioiodine. Health Phys. 1972 Mar;22(3):257-60; Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S.)
A ingestão diária recomendada EUA (RDA) de iodo é de 150-290 microgramas (mcg) para adultos, enquanto que o Food and Nutrition Board do Instituto de Medicina estabeleceu o limite máximo tolerável em 1100 mcg. Mas, essas quantidades ainda podem ser insuficientes para uma ótima saúde. Estas doses iniciais foram criadas simplesmenta para evitar o bócio, e isso não é tudo!
Doses diárias de 3.000-6.000 mcg tem sido utilizada para a fornecer uma saúde ótima, sem apresentar efeitos colaterais em estudos de pessoas com outros problemas de saúde relacionados com a deficiência de iodo, tais como doença policísticos mamário. – Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):116-27.
A título de comparação, o consumo médio diário japonês de iodo varia de 5.280 à 13.800 mcg de iodo, sem efeitos nocivos e uma série de beneficios (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1967 May;27(5):638-47.). Na ilha de Okinawa [Japão] onde há muitas pessoas com mais de 100 anos, tem sido relatado que ingerem, através da sua dieta, altas doses de iodo por meio de algas [aprox. 80mg de iodo por dia] – Hetzel BS, Clugston GA. Iodine. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:253-26.
No Brasil, a principal fonte de iodo é o sal. No geral, a quantidade de iodo adicionado ao sal é de cerca 40mg (miligramas) /Kg de sal. Isto significa que se consumirmos por dia cerca de 5g (1 colher de chá) de sal, podemos obter mais ou menos a quantidade de 2,5 microgramas de iodo. Assim, vê-se o quão baixo é o consumo de iodo em nosso país! Para agravar a situação, a ANVISA determinou a redução da quantidade de iodo no sal, que agora poderá ter de 15mg à 45mg por kg. O resultado da medida é que poderá ter comercialização de um sal com apenas 15mg por kg de iodo, que favorecerá a incidência de bócio nas pessoas em grande escala, algo já praticamente erradicado no país. – http://oglobo.globo.com/saude/anvisa-manda-reduzir-quantidade-de-iodo-no-sal-de-cozinha-8133852.
O médico Doutor David Brownstein, autor do livro “Iodine, Why You Need It and Why You Can’t Live Without It” [Iodo, por que você precisa dele e não pode viver sem] diz que: “O iodo é o nutriente mais incompreendido. Após 12 anos de exercício da medicina, eu posso dizer que é impossível alcançar a sua saúde ideal, se você não tem níveis de iodo adequados. Ainda estou para ver qualquer item que é mais importante para a promoção da saúde ou otimizar a função do sistema imunológico do que o iodo.”
A baixa ingestão de iodo está correlacionada ao aumento de risco para o câncer de mama e de doença fibrocística (Adv Exp Med Biol. 1977;91:293-304.). O tecido mamário e o leite materno possui alta concentração de iodo, mais até que a glándula da tireoide (que possui apenas 30% de iodo de todo o corpo).O iodo é essencial para o desenvolvimento do cérebro do recém-nascido, e eis a razão de no leite materno possuir alta concentração de iodo. É por isso que a deficiência de iodo pela mãe pode comprometer seriamente o desenvolvimento cerebral da criança, podendo, como dito, induzir ao retardamento mental. (Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S.)
O iodo auxilia na regulação dos níveis do hormonio cortisol (chamado de hormonio do estresse) no corpo. ( J Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Dec;12(12):1149-59.). Níveis anormais de cortisol e a função imune deficiente estão relacionados com o cancer de mama, doença fibrocística, e outras doenças. (Int J Cancer. 2002 Jul 20;100(3):347-54.)
É importante mencionar o fato que a tireoide só transporta o iodo em sua forma ionizada (ex: iodeto). O organismo divide o iodo (l-2) em dois íons (l-íons) que é uma reação oxidativa provocador de estresse oxidativo. Em razão disso, sugiro esta suplementação por meio de iodeto de potássio, o qual evitará o estresse oxidativo da ingestão direta de iodo. Para quem deseja aprofundar no assunto, recomendo a leitura deste estudo: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2809E/y2809e0i.htm
Assim, inúmeros são os benefícios à saúde pela correta ingestão deste mineral, logo, não faz sentido deixa-lo fora de sua dieta.
Referências:
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2. Dasgupta PK, Liu Y, Dyke JV. Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315-23.
3. Gunton JE, Hams G, Fiegert M, McElduff A. Iodine deficiency in ambulatory participants at a Sydney teaching hospital: is Australia truly iodine replete? Med J Aust. 1999 Nov 1;171(9):467-70.
4. Hoption Cann SA. Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Feb;25(1):1-11.
5. Kapil U, Sharma TD, Singh P, Dwivedi SN, Kaur S. Thirty years of a ban on the sale of noniodized salt: impact on iodine nutrition in children in Himachal Pradesh, India. Food Nutr Bull. 2005 Sep;26(3):255-8.
6. Dunn JT. Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1332-5.
7. McClure RD. Goiter prophylaxis with iodized salt. Science. 1935 Oct 18;82(2129):370–1.
8. Darcan S, Goksen D. Consequences of iodine deficiency and preventive measures. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2003 Dec;1 Suppl 2:162-8; discussion 68-9.
9. Szybinski Z, Jarosz M, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, et al. Iodine-deficiency prophylaxis and the restriction of salt consumption – a 21st century challenge. Endokrynol Pol. 2010 Jan-Feb;61(1):135-40.
10. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009 Jun;30(4):376-408.
11. Triggiani V, Tafaro E, Giagulli VA, et al. Role of iodine, selenium and other micronutrients in thyroid function and disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Sep;9(3):277-94.
12. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18;362(7):590-9.
13. Titze J, Ritz E. Salt and its effect on blood pressure and target organ damage: new pieces in an old puzzle. J Nephrol. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):177-89.
14. Caldwell KL, Jones R, Hollowell JG. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. Thyroid. 2005 Jul;15(7):692-9.
15. Wang GY, Zhou RH, Wang Z, Shi L, Sun M. Effects of storage and cooking on the iodine content in iodized salt and study on monitoring iodine content in iodized salt. Biomed Environ Sci. 1999 Mar;12(1):1-9.
16. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Buckova K, Klimes I, Sebokova E. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(5):183-5.
17. Smyth PP, Duntas LH. Iodine uptake and loss-can frequent strenuous exercise induce iodine deficiency? Horm Metab Res. 2005 Sep;37(9):555-8.
18. Patrick L. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):116-27.
19. Baier-Anderson C, Blount BC, Lakind JS, Naiman DQ, Wilbur SB, Tan S. Estimates of exposures to perchlorate from consumption of human milk, dairy milk, and water, and comparison to current reference dose. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Feb;69(3-4):319-30.
20. Sanchez CA, Krieger RI, Khandaker N, Moore RC, Holts KC, Neidel LL. Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the Lower Colorado River region. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 29;53(13):5479-86.
21. Snyder SA, Pleus RC, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC. Perchlorate and chlorate in dietary supplements and flavor enhancing ingredients. Anal Chim Acta. 2006 May 10;567(1):26-32.
22. Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE. Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Sep;110(9):927-37.
23. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/iodine/. Accessed July 18, 2011.
24. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122714-overview. Accessed July 18, 2011.
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26. Nagataki S, Shizume K, Nakao K. Thyroid function in chronic excess iodide ingestion: comparison of thyroidal absolute iodine uptake and degradation of thyroxine in euthyroid Japanese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1967 May;27(5):638-47.
27. Canturk Z, Cetinarslan B, Tarkun I, Canturk NZ, Ozden M. Lipid profile and lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Res. 2003 Aug;29(3):307-16.
28. Iqbal A, Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Serum lipid levels in relation to serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and the effect of thyroxine treatment on serum lipid levels in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Tromso Study. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):53-61.
29. Fazio S, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Biondi B. Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59:31-50.
30. Canaris GJ, Steiner JF, Ridgway EC. Do traditional symptoms of hypothyroidism correlate with biochemical disease? J Gen Intern Med. 1997 Sep;12(9):544-50.
31. Wartofsky L. Management of subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):59-61.
32. Kramer CK, Von Muhlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Treated hypothyroidism, depressed mood, and cognitive function in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Dec; 161(6):917-21
33. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S.
34. Verheesen RH, Schweitzer CM. Iodine deficiency, more than cretinism and goiter. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Nov;71(5):645-8.
35. Laurberg P, Nohr SB, Pedersen KM, et al. Thyroid disorders in mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid. 2000 Nov;10(11):951-63.
36. Bretthauer EW, Mullen AL, Moghissi AA. Milk transfer comparisons of different chemical forms of radioiodine. Health Phys. 1972 Mar;22(3):257-60.
37. Spitzweg C, Harrington KJ, Pinke LA, Vile JG, Morris JC. Clinical review 132: the sodium iodide symporter and its potential role in cancer therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Jul;86(7):3327-35.
38. Kilbane MT, Ajjan RA, Weetman AP, et al. Tissue iodine content and serum-mediated 125I uptake-blocking activity in breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Mar;85(3):1245-50.
39. Topper YJ, Freeman CS. Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland. Physiol Rev 1980 Oct;60(4):1049-106
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1. Dasgupta PK, Liu Y, Dyke JV. Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315-23.
2. Dasgupta PK, Liu Y, Dyke JV. Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Feb 15;42(4):1315-23.
3. Gunton JE, Hams G, Fiegert M, McElduff A. Iodine deficiency in ambulatory participants at a Sydney teaching hospital: is Australia truly iodine replete? Med J Aust. 1999 Nov 1;171(9):467-70.
4. Hoption Cann SA. Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Feb;25(1):1-11.
5. Kapil U, Sharma TD, Singh P, Dwivedi SN, Kaur S. Thirty years of a ban on the sale of noniodized salt: impact on iodine nutrition in children in Himachal Pradesh, India. Food Nutr Bull. 2005 Sep;26(3):255-8.
6. Dunn JT. Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1332-5.
7. McClure RD. Goiter prophylaxis with iodized salt. Science. 1935 Oct 18;82(2129):370–1.
8. Darcan S, Goksen D. Consequences of iodine deficiency and preventive measures. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2003 Dec;1 Suppl 2:162-8; discussion 68-9.
9. Szybinski Z, Jarosz M, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, et al. Iodine-deficiency prophylaxis and the restriction of salt consumption – a 21st century challenge. Endokrynol Pol. 2010 Jan-Feb;61(1):135-40.
10. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009 Jun;30(4):376-408.
11. Triggiani V, Tafaro E, Giagulli VA, et al. Role of iodine, selenium and other micronutrients in thyroid function and disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Sep;9(3):277-94.
12. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18;362(7):590-9.
13. Titze J, Ritz E. Salt and its effect on blood pressure and target organ damage: new pieces in an old puzzle. J Nephrol. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):177-89.
14. Caldwell KL, Jones R, Hollowell JG. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. Thyroid. 2005 Jul;15(7):692-9.
15. Wang GY, Zhou RH, Wang Z, Shi L, Sun M. Effects of storage and cooking on the iodine content in iodized salt and study on monitoring iodine content in iodized salt. Biomed Environ Sci. 1999 Mar;12(1):1-9.
16. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Buckova K, Klimes I, Sebokova E. Iodine deficiency in vegetarians and vegans. Ann Nutr Metab. 2003;47(5):183-5.
17. Smyth PP, Duntas LH. Iodine uptake and loss-can frequent strenuous exercise induce iodine deficiency? Horm Metab Res. 2005 Sep;37(9):555-8.
18. Patrick L. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):116-27.
19. Baier-Anderson C, Blount BC, Lakind JS, Naiman DQ, Wilbur SB, Tan S. Estimates of exposures to perchlorate from consumption of human milk, dairy milk, and water, and comparison to current reference dose. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Feb;69(3-4):319-30.
20. Sanchez CA, Krieger RI, Khandaker N, Moore RC, Holts KC, Neidel LL. Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the Lower Colorado River region. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 29;53(13):5479-86.
21. Snyder SA, Pleus RC, Vanderford BJ, Holady JC. Perchlorate and chlorate in dietary supplements and flavor enhancing ingredients. Anal Chim Acta. 2006 May 10;567(1):26-32.
22. Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE. Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Sep;110(9):927-37.
23. Available at: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/iodine/. Accessed July 18, 2011.
24. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122714-overview. Accessed July 18, 2011.
25. Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C. Hypothesis: iodine, selenium and the development of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Feb;11(2):121-7.
26. Nagataki S, Shizume K, Nakao K. Thyroid function in chronic excess iodide ingestion: comparison of thyroidal absolute iodine uptake and degradation of thyroxine in euthyroid Japanese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1967 May;27(5):638-47.
27. Canturk Z, Cetinarslan B, Tarkun I, Canturk NZ, Ozden M. Lipid profile and lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocr Res. 2003 Aug;29(3):307-16.
28. Iqbal A, Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Serum lipid levels in relation to serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and the effect of thyroxine treatment on serum lipid levels in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Tromso Study. J Intern Med. 2006 Jul;260(1):53-61.
29. Fazio S, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Biondi B. Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system. Recent Prog Horm Res. 2004;59:31-50.
30. Canaris GJ, Steiner JF, Ridgway EC. Do traditional symptoms of hypothyroidism correlate with biochemical disease? J Gen Intern Med. 1997 Sep;12(9):544-50.
31. Wartofsky L. Management of subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):59-61.
32. Kramer CK, Von Muhlen D, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Treated hypothyroidism, depressed mood, and cognitive function in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Dec; 161(6):917-21
33. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S.
34. Verheesen RH, Schweitzer CM. Iodine deficiency, more than cretinism and goiter. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Nov;71(5):645-8.
35. Laurberg P, Nohr SB, Pedersen KM, et al. Thyroid disorders in mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid. 2000 Nov;10(11):951-63.
36. Bretthauer EW, Mullen AL, Moghissi AA. Milk transfer comparisons of different chemical forms of radioiodine. Health Phys. 1972 Mar;22(3):257-60.
37. Spitzweg C, Harrington KJ, Pinke LA, Vile JG, Morris JC. Clinical review 132: the sodium iodide symporter and its potential role in cancer therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Jul;86(7):3327-35.
38. Kilbane MT, Ajjan RA, Weetman AP, et al. Tissue iodine content and serum-mediated 125I uptake-blocking activity in breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Mar;85(3):1245-50.
39. Topper YJ, Freeman CS. Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland. Physiol Rev 1980 Oct;60(4):1049-106
40. Eskin BA. Iodine and mammary cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1977;91:293-304.
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